Quizlet Art in Printmaking What Does ââåapã¢â❠Refer to?

What this handout is about

In your college career, you will encounter the abbreviations e.g. and i.e. East.g. is a Latin abbreviation that means "for example" and often appears before lists. I.due east. is another Latin abridgement that means "in other words," "namely," or "which is to say." Apply e.thousand. when introducing a non-exhaustive list of examples and i.e. when rephrasing the exact same idea in different words. The balance of this handout explains these and many other Latin abbreviations you lot might see, such every bit etc., N.B, cf., sic, versus, circa, et al., ibid. and id., and more.

Well-nigh Latin terms and abbreviations

Despite the fact that Latin is no longer the international language of scholars, $.25 and pieces of it tin yet be found scattered around. Some of these $.25 are very common and are even seen in non-academic writing, while others are much more obscure.

Simply knowing what an abbreviation stands for and how to translate the underlying Latin words does not necessarily tell y'all how the abbreviation is used in actual mod practice. These little remnants of Latin have had a long and colorful life separated from their original linguistic communication and context.

There are a few generally accepted rules that utilise to most Latin abbreviations. The major style manuals (MLA, APA and Chicago) concur that Latin abbreviations should exist kept out of the main torso of a text-that is, they should not announced in ordinary sentences within ordinary paragraphs. Sure abbreviations may be used in parentheses within the trunk of a text (etc., e.g., i.e.), just the residuum should appear merely in footnotes, endnotes, tables, and other forms of documentation. One notable exception: APA style allows writers to apply the abridgement et al. when discussing works with multiple authors and v. in the titles of court cases.

Except for N.B., none of the abbreviations we're about to hash out need to be italicized or capitalized.

Why should y'all carp learning nearly Latin abbreviations?

While information technology'due south perfectly acceptable to utilize English phrases instead of Latin abbreviations, there's a reason why these abbreviations accept survived and continue to be used today: they comprise a lot of meaning in a very small package. Information technology takes less fourth dimension and fewer characters to write east.g. than "for instance." As an added bonus, using Latin abbreviations correctly can make your writing sound more sophisticated and scholarly.

Fifty-fifty if yous decide that yous don't desire to utilise Latin abbreviations in your ain writing, you're still going to encounter them in other texts. Knowing what these abbreviations mean and how they are used is crucial to agreement and interpreting these works.

The big iii: etc., i.e., and e.g.

The average person could go through life never having to worry almost most Latin abbreviations, but there are three that have become so widespread that they're incommunicable to avoid: etc., i.eastward. and e.g. These are as well the near oftentimes misused Latin abbreviations. Permit's take a look at each of them, what they hateful and how they can exist used.

etc.

The abbreviation etc. stands for et cetera, which translates literally as "and others" or "and the rest." A more useful translation that tin be substituted for etc. (especially when reading aloud) is "and so on." It is used at the end of a list to indicate that at that place are more elements to the listing that are being left out and so that the list doesn't go too long. For instance:

All of the objects in our solar arrangement (planets, comets, etc.) orbit the sun.

Many other examples could exist included in a listing of objects in our solar system (like asteroids and moons), but it would have as well much space and time to listing them all. Likewise, listing them all wouldn't add together much to the judgement-readers don't need to know the identity of every object orbiting the sun in social club to understand the sentence.

In lists where yous use etc., be sure all the listed items are of the same kind. If you wrote the post-obit sentence, your readers might accept a hard time telling what "etc." is substituting for considering some of the items listed are objects, while others are people or activities:

I'm very interested in astronomy—planets, stargazing, Carl Sagan, etc.

When etc. is used at the end of a list, information technology should be preceded by a comma just similar the other elements of the list. Information technology should never take the word "and" before it: the Latin give-and-take et has already got that covered.

due east.g. and i.e.

These are the two most ofttimes misused and confused Latin abbreviations-and for good reason. In whatsoever given sentence, information technology's often not immediately articulate how i.e. and e.g. are different. Both appear inside parentheses and offer extra information that helps explain what's come before. There is, however, a very important and useful deviation between these 2 abbreviations.

The abbreviation e.g. stands for exempli gratia, which translates literally as "for the sake of an example"-just you tin can really just cutting out the stuff in the heart and read it as "for example." It is used to give an instance or set of examples to help clarify the preceding idea. In general, if you employ e.g., you should provide one or two short examples. More can be used, but but if they are simple and can be expressed in a single discussion or short phrase. It isn't necessary to apply etc. at the end of a list following e.grand.; it's understood that at that place are more examples than those that y'all've given. You should not list all of the possible examples.

The abbreviation i.e. stands for id est, which translates literally equally "that is." Sometimes it might be more useful, however, to interpret it as "what that means is" or "that is to say." This abbreviation is used to clarify the preceding idea past restating information technology more than simply or in dissimilar terms. Strictly speaking, what follows i.e. in parentheses should be equivalent to what comes before-you should be able to switch them without changing the meaning of the sentence. If this involves making a list, you should include all of the elements that make up that listing. Information technology might be useful to think of i.e. every bit representing an equal sign (=). This will help you lot remember that i.e. stands for a strict equivalence.

Let's expect at some examples of how to use i.e. and east.g. correctly:

YES: The rocky planets (e.chiliad., Mercury) are closest to our sunday.

NO: The rocky planets (i.e., Mercury) are closest to our lord's day.

Mercury is not equivalent to the rocky planets-they're not the same affair. Mercury is just one example of a rocky planet, therefore due east.g. is appropriate.

YES: The rocky planets (i.e., Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are closest to our sun.

Yes: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars (i.due east., the rocky planets) are closest to our sun.

NO: The rocky planets (e.thousand., Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars) are closest to our dominicus.

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are all of the examples of rocky planets in our solar arrangement (they are a total and complete listing, not just a few examples), so due east.thousand. should not be used. Instead, use i.east. to show that the listing of four planets is equivalent to the rocky planets-they refer to the aforementioned thing. Notice that switching the rocky planets and Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars doesn't modify the meaning of the sentence.

In some instances, i.east. and e.1000. may both exist acceptable, but using 1 or the other volition drastically change the pregnant of the judgement. For case:

Farmer Brown sells his produce (eastward.g., apples, oranges, carrots) at the marketplace.

Farmer Brownish sells his produce (i.east., apples, oranges, carrots) at the market.

In the first sentence, the use of due east.g. tells the reader that Farmer Brown sells many different types of produce, including apples oranges and carrots. The information contained in the parentheses provides a few examples to help clarify the meaning of produce. In the 2d sentence, the use of i.eastward. tells the reader that Farmer Dark-brown sells merely apples, oranges and carrots -nothing else. The information independent in the parentheses tells the reader that, as far as Farmer Chocolate-brown is concerned, apples, oranges and carrots are what constitute produce-they are equivalent.

Other useful abbreviations

While etc., due east.g. and i.east. are perhaps the virtually of import Latin abbreviations for you to get acquainted with, at that place are other less common abbreviations that you may find useful in certain situations.

N.B.

The abbreviation Due north.B. stands for nota bene, which literally translates as "note well," although in do y'all can read it as "pay attending." It is used in endnotes or footnotes to call the reader's attention to a particularly of import piece of information-such as a key assumption of or exception to an argument-that is even so non crucial plenty to be included in the main trunk of the paper. Too, notice that N.B. is the only Latin abridgement that should be capitalized.

Example: N.B.: While all of the study participants were interviewed well-nigh their prior medical histories, researchers did not take admission to their medical records to ostend the accuracy of self-reported information.

cf.

The abbreviation cf. stands for the Latin word confer which means "compare." It is primarily used in endnotes or footnotes to betoken readers to works that the author recommends referencing in comparison with the work at hand. Therefore, it might be more useful to read cf. as "just compare this to." It is generally preceded past citations of works that are sources for the author's argument then followed past one or two examples of works that somehow differ from or depart from the argument. Although it is not strictly necessary to explain how these works are different, you might discover it useful to include a brusque phrase for the do good of your reader.

Instance: ii. Jones 1992, Smith 2003; cf. on methodology Harris 2005.

sic

Although information technology is not an abbreviation, sic is included here because it is 1 of the more oft used Latin terms. The word sic means "thus" or "then" and is used in quotations to indicate that any strange aspects of a piece of text, such as errors in of grammar, spelling, or word choice, are part of the original text and non a typo. Therefore, it could exist more appropriately translated as "yes, that'south actually what it says." Depending on the style you're using, sic is italicized and placed in brackets after the give-and-take or phrase information technology identifies (every bit in APA and Chicago), or it is simply placed in parentheses after the entire quote (every bit in MLA). Consult the most recent edition of the appropriate fashion handbook to ensure that you lot're using the proper format.

versus (vs. or five.)

Y'all have probably seen the term versus or 1 of its abbreviation, vs. or five., in the names of courtroom cases (for example, "Smith 5. the State of North Carolina"). Versus translates as "confronting" or "as opposed to." Versus is used to express conflict or comparing. You may run into information technology in the main body of bookish texts, in phrases such as "homo versus nature," "measured in kilograms versus pounds," or "protectionism versus gratis trade." Versus and its abbreviations also appear frequently in the titles of books and articles.

circa

Circa, which translates every bit "around" or "approximately," commonly appears with dates. You lot may see it abbreviated as c. or ca. (or, more than rarely, as cca. or cir.). It indicates that a number or value is approximate, non exact. For example, you might see sentences like "the construction of Stonehenge began circa 3000 BCE." More rarely, you may see circa in reference to measurements of amounts, such as "circa $45,000" or "c. 1.v mL." Your meaning will often exist clearer to readers if you stick with English in the master body of your text and save "c." for things in parentheses and notes. So, for example, you might write "the construction of Stonehenge began around 3000 BCE" or "when Stonehenge began to be synthetic (c. 3000 BCE)."

Citation shortcuts

The abbreviations in this department are used primarily in notes and bibliographic entries in social club to save space. It is important to understand these abbreviations not only so that you can correctly translate bibliographic citations, but also so that your citations can be accessible to your readers.

et al.

The Latin abbreviation et al. stands for et alii which translates as "and other people." Information technology is like etc., but it is used only for people. You will generally see et al. used in bibliographical entries for books, manufactures, or other publications that have several authors (commonly four or more) in gild to save infinite. In such cases, the proper name of the showtime writer will be given in full and then followed by et al. As with etc., there is no demand to include 'and' before et al., but exercise notice that unlike etc. there is a space (and no menstruum) after et in this abridgement.

ibid. and id.

The abbreviation ibid. stands for the Latin discussion ibidem, which means "in the same place." It is used in endnotes or footnotes when you cite the same source and folio number(s) two or more times. If you cite the same source only a different page number, you can use ibid. followed by a comma and the folio number(due south). Also, note that ibid. is capitalized when it begins a note. For example:

• ane. Barsby, 99-101.
• 2. Ibid.
• 3. Ibid., 97.

Although it is becoming less mutual, you may come across the abbreviation id. used in a style similar to ibid. The abbreviation id. stands for idem, which means "the same person." It is used in identify of ibid. when the aforementioned author is cited but not the same page number. In such instances, ibid. is but used to echo the preceding citation exactly. For example:

• 1. Barsby, 99-101.
• 2. Ibid.
• 3. Id., 97.

passim

Like sic, passim is not an abbreviation, just it is included here as a Latin term commonly used to relieve space in bibliographic entries. The Latin word passim means "here and there" or "throughout." Information technology is used when a item discussion, phrase or idea is not restricted to just a few pages of a work, just occurs in many different places. Using passim is not a way to avoid providing specific citations—instead, it indicates to the reader that the information being cited occurs ofttimes in the work and that he/she may want to use the table of contents or index to find specific examples.

Abridgement obscurity

While you may occasionally encounter the following abbreviations in your academic career, they are becoming increasingly rare. There is no demand for you to attempt to incorporate them into your own writing. Instead, use short English language phrases; it volition be easier for y'all to write and for your reader to understand!

loc. cit. and op. cit.

The abbreviations loc. cit. and op. cit. are former forms used in bibliographic citations similar to ibid. and id. above. The abridgement loc. cit. stands for loco citato, which translates as "in the place cited," whereas op. cit. stands for opere citato which translates as "in the work cited." Generally, loc. cit. is used to refer to the same work and page number(south) as the previous citation, while op. cit. refers merely to the aforementioned work and may or may not be followed by page numbers. In all modern style manuals, ibid. is preferred to loc. cit. and op. cit.

inf. and sup.

The abbreviations inf. and sup. correspond the words infra and supra, which translate as "beneath" and "above" respectively. They are used to signal that information will be more fully explained or cited elsewhere. If the information has already appeared in an earlier notation, sup. is used. If the information will appear in a later annotation (where a more than complete citation or explanation is perhaps more appropriate), inf. is used. In full general, yous can replace both of these abbreviations with "see below" and "run into higher up" without whatsoever change in meaning.

viz. and sc.

The abbreviation viz. stands for the Latin contraction videlicet which translates literally as "information technology is permitted to see," but a more useful translation is "namely" or "that is to say." Information technology is used to clarify something by elaborating on it, giving a detailed description of it, or providing a consummate list. In this sense, viz. is like to i.e., although viz. tends to emphasize the precision and exactness of what follows and is thus a stronger version of i.due east. It is by and large acceptable to use i.eastward. instead of viz.

The similar abbreviation sc. stands for the Latin contraction scilicet which translates literally as "it is permitted to know," just a more useful translation is "namely" or "as if to say." It is oftentimes used to provide a clarification, remove an ambiguity, or supply an omitted word. Like viz., sc. is a more than specific version of i.e. and stresses the clarity of what follows. Equally with viz., it is generally acceptable to use i.eastward. rather than sc.

q.5.

The abbreviation q.v. stands for quod vide, which translates literally every bit "which come across," although in practise it means something more like "for which see elsewhere." It is used in notes subsequently a word or phrase to indicate that more information can exist found nearly the topic somewhere else in the current work. Because q.v. is by and large used in reference books or similar works, page numbers are not included after it. The reader is expected to know how to locate this information without further assistance. Since at that place is always the possibility that the reader won't be able to detect the data cited by q.5., it's better to use a simple English phrase such as "for more on this topic, see pages 72-3" or "a detailed definition appears on page 16." Such phrases are immediately comprehensible to the reader (who may not even know what q.v. means) and remove whatsoever ambiguity most where additional data is located.

s.v.

The abbreviation southward.5. stands for sub verbo, which translates equally "under the word." It is used when citing a specific entry in a lexicon or encyclopedia. The word or phrase following the abridgement should correspond exactly to the heading in the lexicon or encyclopedia then that the reader can find the precise entry being indicated. Since due south.five. is no longer recognizable to nearly modern readers, it is better to use a simple English phrase such as "run into the Oxford English Dictionary; look nether grape" or something similar.

We promise that this handout will be useful to you as you decipher the Latin terms and abbreviations in your reading and maybe begin to use them in your own writing!

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Source: https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/latin-terms-and-abbreviations/

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