Liberal Arts Classes in College Liberal Arts Classes List
James Due west Pennebaker
Professor — Ph.D., University of Texas at Austin
Regents Centennial Professor
Interests
Natural linguistic communication and social behavior; group processes and educational outcomes; how individuals, groups, and cultures respond to traumatic events
Biography
Dr. Pennebaker does non program whatsoever doctoral students for Autumn.
James W. Pennebaker is the Regents Centennial Professor of Liberal Arts and Professor of Psychology. He and his students are exploring natural language use, grouping dynamics, and personality in both laboratory and real world settings. His earlier work on expressive writing found that physical health and work performance can improve by simple writing and/or talking exercises. His cross-disciplinary research is related to linguistics, clinical and cognitive psychology, communications, medicine, and computer science. Writer or editor of 12 books and over 300 articles, Pennebaker has received numerous research and teaching awards and honors.
Personal Information
Born: Midland, Texas
Married to Ruth Burney Pennebaker
Children: Teal Pennebaker and Nick Pennebaker
Education
B.A. Eckerd Higher, 1972 with honors
Ph.D. University of Texas at Austin, 1977
Positions
| 2009-nowadays | Regents Centennial Professor of Liberal Arts |
| 2016-2018 | Executive Director, Projection 2021, and Special Counselor to the Provost |
| 2005-2014 | Chair of Psychology Department, University of Texas at Austin |
| 2005-2010 | International Research Professor, University of Central Lancashire, U.k. |
| 1997-present | Professor of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin |
| 1983-1997 | Acquaintance and Full Professor, Southern Methodist Academy |
| Chair of Psychology Department, Southern Methodist University | |
| 1977-1983 | Assistant Professor of Psychology, Academy of Virginia |
Courses
PSY 394V • Text Assay/Social Media
42900 • Fall 2022
Meets M five:00PM-7:30PM SEA three.250
PSY 194Q • Text Analysis Workshop-Wb
42230 • Spring 2022
Meets One thousand 5:00PM-6:30PM
Net; Synchronous
PSY 394V • Text Assay/Social Media
43290 • Fall 2021
Meets Grand 5:00PM-7:30PM SEA iii.250
PSY 194Q • Text Analysis Workshop-Wb
43005 • Spring 2021
Meets Thousand 5:30PM-7:00PM
Internet; Synchronous
PSY 394V • Readings In Text Assay-Wb
43045 • Bound 2021
Meets W four:00PM-6:30PM
Internet; Synchronous
PSY 394V • Text Assay/Social Media-Wb
41679 • Fall 2020
Meets 1000 5:00PM-8:00PM
Internet; Synchronous
PSY 394V • Text Analysis/Social Media
42764 • Leap 2019
Meets M 6:00PM-seven:30PM Body of water 5.106
PSY 194Q • Text Analysis For Soc Scien
42557 • Jump 2016
Meets M 6:00PM-7:30PM Ocean 3.250
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
42160 • Fall 2015
Meets TTH 1:00PM-2:30PM SEA ii.114
SB
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
42170 • Fall 2015
Meets TTH 3:30PM-5:00PM
Ii-way Interactive Video
SB
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
43545 • Autumn 2014
Meets TTH one:00PM-2:30PM SEA ii.114
SB
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
43551 • Fall 2014
Meets TTH 3:30PM-5:00PM
Ii-mode Interactive Video
SB
PSY 394V • Text Assay Of Literature
44370 • Spring 2014
Meets Grand iii:00PM-vi:00PM Body of water 4.242
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
43610-43612 • Fall 2013
Meets TTH half dozen:00PM-vii:30PM
Two-mode Interactive Video
SB
PSY 394V • Linguistic communication And Social Processes
43695 • Spring 2013
Meets M iii:00PM-vi:00PM SEA 1.332
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
43135-43150 • Fall 2012
Meets TTH two:00PM-3:30PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Smnr In Socl & Personality Psy
43520 • Jump 2012
Meets W 4:00PM-7:00PM SEA 1.332
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
43035-43045 • Fall 2011
Meets TTH 2:00PM-3:30PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Linguistic communication And Social Processes
44050 • Spring 2011
Meets M 3:00PM-6:00PM SEA 4.242
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
42995 • Fall 2010
Meets TTH ii:00PM-3:30PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Words And Social Processes
43472 • Spring 2009
Meets T two:30PM-5:30PM Sea four.242
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
44045 • Fall 2008
Meets TTH iii:30PM-v:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Curr Tpcs In Social-Pers Psy
44330 • Spring 2008
Meets W v:00PM-8:00PM Bounding main three.250
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
44900 • Fall 2007
Meets TTH 3:30PM-five:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Psychosomatic Processes
43965 • Leap 2007
Meets TTH 3:30PM-five:00PM Bounding main 2.224
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
44675 • Fall 2006
Meets TTH 3:30PM-5:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Spec Tpcs In Biolinguistics
45150 • Fall 2006
Meets Due west eight:00AM-xi:00AM SEA 4.402
PSY 394V • Personality And Linguistic communication
43305 • Spring 2006
Meets T 8:30AM-11:30AM SEA two.224
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
42815 • Fall 2005
Meets MW 3:00PM-iv:30PM JES A121A
SB
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
42370 • Fall 2004
Meets MW iii:30PM-5:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Personality And Language
42855 • Autumn 2004
Meets M 8:00AM-eleven:00AM Bounding main two.224
PSY 394V • Curr Tpcs In Social-Pers Psy
40295 • Bound 2004
Meets Yard 5:00PM-eight:00PM SEA 5.106
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
40933 • Fall 2003
Meets MW three:30PM-5:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Personality And Language
41408 • Fall 2003
Meets Yard eight:30AM-11:30AM SEA 3.430B
PSY 394V • Psychosomatic Processes
40565 • Spring 2003
Meets MW 3:30PM-5:00PM Ocean 5.106
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
40730 • Fall 2002
Meets MW 3:30PM-v:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 394V • Social Psychol Of Linguistic communication Employ
41380 • Fall 2001
Meets M 2:00PM-5:00PM CAL 419
PSY 394V • Psychosomatic Processes
40200 • Spring 2001
Meets TTH 9:30AM-11:00AM BEN 318
PSY 394V • Curr Tpcs In Social-Pers Psy
40205 • Bound 2001
Meets F 3:00PM-six:00PM BEN 318
PSY 301 • Introduction To Psychology
40655 • Fall 2000
Meets MW 3:30PM-5:00PM BUR 106
SB
PSY 341K • Health Psychology-W
39350 • Bound 2000
Meets TTH three:30PM-5:00PM BEN 130
C2
This lecture class is designed to provide students with an understanding of the process of braindevelopment from embryogenesis through machismo with emphasis on the role of the environment in directing this process. Initial lectures volition focus on the origins of the central nervous organization, including topics such as the organization of the brain, neurogenesis, cellular differentiation, migration and targeting of neurons, synapse formation and refinement of the nervous system. In the second half of the class, lectures will focus on the infant brain and the role of experiences during infancy in modifying brain office. Topics volition also include recent advances in our agreement of the function of gene-environment interactions and epigenetic programming and shaping brain development. Finally, the adaptive vs. maladaptive outcomes of environmental modifications to the nervous organization will be discussed. Throughout the grade, students will exist guided through examples of how changes in the developing nervous system lead to behavioral patterns both in infancy and adulthood.
PSY 394V • Psychosomatic Processes
39585 • Jump 2000
Meets TTH 8:00AM-9:30AM MEZ 402
Honors & Grants
| Honors | |
| 2016 | APA Distinguished Contributions to Applications in Psychology |
| 2015 | Innovations in Methodology Honour, Lodge of Personality and Social Psychology |
| 2014 | President, Society for Personality and Social Psychology |
| 2012 | Hamilton Book Grand Prize Honor, University of Texas at Austin |
| 2010 | Academy of Distinguished Teachers |
| 2008 | Dads' Clan Centennial Instruction Fellowship |
| 2006-present | ISI HighlyCited.com option for being amongst the virtually cited researchers in Psychology/Psychiatry |
| 2004 | Hero of Midland, Texas Laurels, Midland Independent School Commune |
| 2002 | Outstanding Contributions to Health Psychology (APA Division 38) |
| 2002 | Freshman Honour Societies Teaching Award, University of Texas |
| 2000 | President'due south Associates University Teaching Award, Academy of Texas |
| 1995 | Pavlov Award, The Pavlov Gild |
| 1993 | Honorary Doctorate Caste, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Kingdom of belgium |
| 1989 | Hilgard Visiting Professor, Stanford University |
| Grants | |
| 2019-2023 | Templeton Foundation, Tracking and understanding the effects of transformative events in people'southward lives (coPI) |
| 2018-2021 | NSF grant, Sensor-based Assessment of Behavioral Lifestyles and Experiences (coPI) |
| 2018-2020 | FBI funding, Arch of narratives in natural language use (PI) |
| 2015-2018 | NSF grant, Ambulatory monitoring to sympathize learning (coPI) |
| 2015-2018 | Templeton Foundation, Assessing values and behaviors using big information (coPI) |
| 2013-2017 | NSF grant and subcontract. Tongue and values, $600,000. Co-PI |
| 2013-2016 | Regular army Inquiry Institute Language and group dynamics, $500,000. PI |
| 2010-2013 | NSF grant and farm. Social and language cues in threatening beliefs, $500,000. Co-PI |
| 2010-2011 | DOD and DIA contract. The language of secrets in electronic communication, $300,000. PI |
| 2009-2011 | DHS contract. The language of extremist leaders, $600,000. PI |
| 2007-2011 | Army Research Found, Linguistic communication and social dynamics, $450,000, PI |
| 2007-2008 | DOD and CIFA contract, Viewing text through English and Arabic eyes, $300,000, PI |
| 2005-2006 | NSF Grant, Linguistic communication and charade workshop, $59,000, PI |
| 2005-2006 | DOD Contract, Timing of expressive writing exercises, $28,000, PI |
| 2000-2006 | NIMH Grant, Interpersonal disclosure processes and wellness, $ane,600,000, PI |
| 1996-2000 | NIMH Grant, Interpersonal disclosure processes and health, $320,000, PI |
| 1994-1997 | NSF Grant, Disclosure, linguistic communication, and health, $80,000, PI |
| 1991-1994 | NSF Grant, Cognition, disclosure and wellness, $149,000, PI |
| 1989-1991 | NSF grant, The psychological consequences of the 1989 California earthquake, $14,919, PI |
| 1987-1989 | NSF grant, Inhibition, disclosing, and health, $89,717, PI |
| 1984-1987 | NIH grant, Perception of concrete symptoms and blood pressure, $183,415, PI |
| 1980-1981 | NSF grant, Psychological bear on of Mt. St. Helens Volcano, with Darren Newtson, $10,000 |
Publications
Selected Publications
Ashokkumar, A., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2021). Social media conversations reveal large psychological shifts caused by COVID-19's onset across U.S. cities. Scientific discipline Advances, September 22, 2021, doi:x.1126/sciadv.abg7843. Analyses of city-level SubReddits and national surveys rails the social, emotional, and cognitive changes that occurred in the U.South. in the years earlier to iii months after the onset of COVID-19. Click here for supplemental material.
Boyd, R.50., Blackburn, Grand.G., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2020). The narrative arc: Revealing core narrative structures through text assay. Science Advances, August seven, 2020, doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba2196. By analyzing function and cerebral words, we identify the mutual fingerprints of novels, movies, and other genres of fiction. Spotter the 5-minute video and analyze your ain text to run across if it adheres to a traditional narrative construction.
Boyd, R.L., & Pennebaker, J.West. (2015). Did Shakespeare write Double Falsehood? Identifying individuals by creating psychological signatures with text analysis. Psychological Science, online version April 8, doi:x.1177/0956797614566658. Using LIWC, meaning extraction, and machine learning, it is possible to build a smart approach to writer identification.
Boyd, R.L., Wilson, S.R., Pennebaker, J.Westward., Kosinki, M., Stillwell, D.J., & Mihalcea, R. (2015). Values in words: Using language to evaluate and understand personal values. Proceedings of the Ninth International AAAI conference on Web and Social Media. We developed language-based value algorithms that were practical to 130K Facebook status updates that predicted value-based behaviors better than self-reported values.
Chung, C.K. & Pennebaker, J.W. (2008). Revealing dimensions of thinking in open up-ended self-descriptions: An automated meaning extraction method for natural language. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 96-132. By using a factor analytic method on content-related words, it is possible to extract meaning from samples of text files. These linguistic communication dimensions are linked to personality.
Cohn, G.A., Mehl, Yard.R., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2004). Linguistic markers of psychological modify surrounding September eleven, 2001. Psychological Science, fifteen, 687-693. An analysis of over 1000 people who wrote online journals in the weeks before and subsequently September 11.
Davison, K.P, Pennebaker, J.W., & Dickerson, Southward.S. (2000). Who talks? The social psychology of disease support groups. American Psychologist, 55, 205-217. An analysis of internet and real world support groups for 20 different diseases.
Ireland, One thousand.E., Slatcher, R.B., Eastwick, P.Westward., Pair of scissors, L.E., Finkel, Due east.J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2011). Linguistic communication fashion matching predicts relationship initiation and stability. Psychological Science, online version, Dec thirteen, 2010. doi:10.1177/0956797610392928. Two studies demonstrate that linguistic communication fashion matching in the natural conversation of couples in speed dating predicts future dating behavior and, in instant messaging between young dating couples, predicts the stability of the relationship three months later on.
Jordan, K.Due north., Sterling, J., Pennebaker, J.W., & Boyd, R.L. (2019). Examining long-term trends in politics and civilisation through linguistic communication of political leaders and cultural institutions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), online version, February 11, 2019. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/x.1073/pnas.1811987116. The assay of the linguistic communication of political leaders in the U.Due south. and other major English-speaking democracies reveals a 200-year trend of simpler language delivered with increasing confidence. Trump is not the outlier many believed.
Kacewicz, E., Pennebaker, J.W., Davis, M., Moongee, J., & Graesser, A.C. (2013). Pronoun use reflects standings in social hierarchies. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 33, 125-143. doi: 10.1177/0261927X1350265. Five studies demonstrate that high status people utilize I-words less and y'all-words and we-words more than than lower-condition individuals.
Linguist Research and Word Count (LIWC2015). The LIWC2015 computer text assay program is an updated version of LIWC2001 and LIWC2007. The actual program can exist purchased from www.liwc.net. However, the two manuals are available here:
- Pennebaker, J.West., Boyd, R.L., Jordan, Yard., & Blackburn, K. (2015). The development and psychometrics of LIWC2015. Pennebaker Conglomerates: Austin, TX.
- Pennebaker, J.W., Booth, R.J., Boyd, R.50., & Francis, M.E. (2015). Operator'southward manual to LIWC2015. Pennebaker Conglomerates: Austin, TX.
Mehl, M.R. & Pennebaker, J.W. (2003). The social dynamics of a cultural upheaval: Social interactions surrounding September 11, 2001. Psychological Science, 14, 579-585. An analysis of xi people who wore the EAR prior to and for 10 days later September xi.
Mehl, M.R., Vazire, Southward., Ramirez-Esparza, Due north., Slatcher, R.B., & Pennebaker, J.West. (2007). Are women actually more than talkative than men? Science, 316, 82.Across 6 EAR studies with higher students in the U.S. and Mexico, tape-recorded conversations over several days reveal that both men and women say about 16,000 words per twenty-four hours. Women and men don't differ in talking rates.
Newman, M.L., Groom, C.J., Handelman, L.D., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2008). Gender differences in language use: An analysis of 14,000 text samples. Discourse Processes, 45, 211-236. Women and men apply langauge differently and talk about unlike things. Women use words that reflect social concerns; men refer to more physical objects and impersonal topics.
Newman, G.50., Pennebaker, J.W., Berry, D.S., & Richards, J.M. (2003). Lying words: Predicting deception from linguistic style. Personality and Social Psychology Message, 29, 665-675. An analysis of v studies where participants lied and/or told the truth. Truth-tellers use more 1st person atypical words, markers of cerebral complexity, and fewer negative emotion words.
Pennebaker, J.Due west. (1994). Hints on running a writing experiment. Unpublished manual. This is a general how-to manual that will aid the individual in designing a disclosure experiment -- with particular attention to measurement.
Pennebaker, J.W. (1997). Writing almost emotional experiences equally a therapeutic process. Psychological Scientific discipline, 8, 162-166. A brief overview of the nature of the writing paradigm and its effects on physical health.
Pennebaker, J.W. (1982). The psychology of physical symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag. Warning: This is very large file since it is the entire book that is now out of print.
Pennebaker, J.W. (2003). Social physics: The metaphorical application of principles of physics to social behavior. Unpublished manuscript, University of Texas at Austin. A short position newspaper about the idea of social physics. The central idea is that the ways humans and other organisms use space can exist modeled by applying Newtonian rules of gravity, mass, motion, etc.
Pennebaker, J.W. (2022). Computer-based language analysis every bit a prototype shift. In K. Dehghani and R.L. Boyd (Eds), Handbook of language analysis in psychology (pps 576-587). NY: Guilford Press. A affiliate apropos the new and potential globe of text analysis in social psychology and the social sciences.
Pennebaker, J.W. & Beall, S.K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic issue: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274-281. The get-go experiment on expressive writing. A classic.
Pennebaker, J.W. & Chung, C.K. (2011). Expressive writing and its links to mental and physical health. In H. Friedman (Ed.), Oxford handbook of wellness psychology. New York , NY : Oxford. A general summary of expressive writing enquiry.
Pennebaker, J.W., Chung, C.K., Frazee, J., Lavergne, 1000.M., & Beaver, D.I. (2014). When small words foretell academic success: The case of higher admissions essays. PLoS ONE ix(12): e115844. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0115844. Introduces the CDI or categorical-dynamic index to predict grade indicate average from admissions essays four years after.
Pennebaker, J.Westward., & Gonzales, A. (2008). Making history: Social and psychological processes underlying collective memory. In J.V. Wertsch and P. Boyer (Eds.), Commonage retention (pp. 110-129). New York: Cambridge University Press. An analysis of the ways major cultural events are remembered, forgotten, and changed in the days, weeks, years, and decades later their occurrence.
Pennebaker, J.W., Gosling, Southward.D., & Ferrell, J.D. (2013). Daily online testing in big classes: Boosting college performance while reducing accomplishment gaps. PLoS I, Nov 20, 2013. doi:10.1371/periodical.pone.007977. An in-class online software arrangement was adult that allowed for 901 students to take daily class benchmark quzzes. In comparison with traditionally-taught and graded exams past the same instructors, students performed meliorate in the psychology class likewise as the other classes they took that semester and the subsequent semester. Differences in the performance of upper-middle and lower-middle class students were reduced.
Pennebaker, J.West., Kiecolt-Glaser, J., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Wellness implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 239-245. The first writing report to demonstrate that disclosure of emotional upheavals can influence immune office.
Pennebaker, J.West. & King, L.A. (1999). Linguistic styles: Language use as an private departure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1296-1312. A series of studies that reveal how language employ reflects personality, health, and social behaviors.
Pennebaker, J.West., Mehl, M.R., & Niederhoffer, K. (2003). Psychological aspects of natural language use: Our words, our selves. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 547-577. A general review of text assay approaches in the social sciences -- with primary attending to give-and-take count strategies. This extensive literature review also summarizes work linking pronouns, prepositions, and other particles to social, personality, and clinical psychology.
Pennebaker, J.W., Paez, D., Deschamps, J.C., Rentfrow, J., Davis, M., Techio, E.Thou., Slawuta, P., Zlobina, A., & Zubieta, East. (2006). The social psychology of history: Defining the most of import events of the last 10, 100, and 1000 years. Psicologia Politica, 32, fifteen-32. A summary of a large cross-cultural projection wherein students reported on meaning national and cultural events.
Petrie, K.J., Pennebaker, J.Due west., & Sivertsen, B. (2008). The things we said today: A linguistic analysis of the Beatles. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, two, 197-202. A linguistic communication analysis of the history of the Beatles, including a comparison of the lyrics of Paul McCartney, John Lennon, and George Harrison.
Ramirez-Esparza, N., Gosling, S.D., Benet-Martinez, V., Potter, J., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2005). Do bilinguals have 2 personalities? A special example of frame switching. Journal of Research in Personality. When bilinguals switch languages, their personalities subtly change.
Roberts, T.A. & Pennebaker, J.W. (1995). Women's and men's strategies in perceiving internal state. In One thousand. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 27 (pp 143-176). New York: Academic Press. Women and men perceive their bodies, symptoms, and physical health differently. We propose that women rely more on external situational cues relative to men.
Shah, 1000., Seraj, S., & Pennebaker, J.Westward. (2021). Climate denial fuels climate modify discussions more than local climate-related disasters. Frontiers in Psychology, August, 26,2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682057. The subReddits of six U.S. cities that had faced a climate upheaval (e.thousand., hurricane, wildfire) were analyzed based on their levels of engagement surrounding climate change. Rates of climatic change discussion were higher in response to national political events associated with climate-denying movements than in response to climate-related events in their own communities.
Seraj, S., Blackburn, Thou.Thou., & Pennebaker, J.Due west. (2021). Language left behind on social media exposes the emotional and cognitive costs of a romantic breakup. Proceedings of the National Academy of Scientific discipline, Feb sixteen, 2021,118 (7) e2017154118. An analysis of the Reddit postings of over 6,000 people who underwent emotional breakups. Clues from their written linguistic communication pointed to impending breakups 3 months before they occurred and showed emotional aftereffects for more than six months afterwards.
Slatcher, R.B. & Pennebaker, J.W. (2006). How exercise I love thee? Let me count the words: The social effects of expressive writing. Psychological Scientific discipline, 17, 660-664. A report using expressive writing that finds that people who write most their relationship are more probable to remain in that human relationship. Likewise, the analysis of Instant Messages (IMs) finds that certain word-utilise patterns correlates with human relationship success.
Tausczik, Y., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2010). The psychological significant of words: LIWC and computerized text assay methods. Periodical of Linguistic communication and Social Psychology, 29, 24-54. A wide summary of the LIWC dimensions and how they are related to various psychological states. A must read for the LIWC researcher.
Tausczik, Y.R., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2013). Improving teamwork using existent-time language feedback. CHI 2013, ACM 978-ane-4503-1899-0/13/04. Minor online working groups received existent-time feedback based on computer analyses of their linguistic communication use.
Tellakat, M., Boyd, R.L., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2019). How practise online learners study? The psychometrics of students' clicking patterns in online classes. PlosONE, March 25, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213863. In two large online introductory psychology classes, the ways students accessed report materials outside class strongly predicted course performance. What they studied, when they studied, and their Sabbatum scores deemed for 40% of the overall variance in course grades.
Vine, V., Boyd, R.L., & Pennebaker, J.West. (2020). Natural emotion vocabularies as windows on distress and well-being.Nature Communication,11,4525 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18349-0. Two large studies with 1,500 college students and 35,000 blog authors measured people'due south utilise of emotion words in open up-ended text. Counter to pop conventionalities, richer and more diverse negative emotion categories were associated with great distress, higher rates of illness, and poorer adjustment.
Watson, D. & Pennebaker, J.Due west. (1989). Wellness complaints, stress, and affliction: Exploring the central office of negative affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234-254. Cocky-reports of stress and physical symptoms are often colored by people's full general Negative Affectivity (NA) or neuroticism.
Writing & Health
Writing and Wellness: Some Practical Communication
Writing near emotional upheavals in our lives can improve concrete and mental health. Although the scientific research surrounding the value of expressive writing is still in the early on phases, in that location are some approaches to writing that take been found to be helpful. Keep in mind that there are probably a thousand means to write that may exist beneficial to you. Think of these as rough guidelines rather than Truth. Indeed, in your own writing, experiment on your own and see what works best.
Getting Ready to Write
Find a time and place where you won't be disturbed. Ideally, pick a time at the terminate of your workday or earlier yous go to bed.
Promise yourself that you will write for a minimum of 15 minutes a solar day for at least 3 or 4 sequent days.
Once you brainstorm writing, write continuously. Don't worry virtually spelling or grammer. If you run out of things to write about, merely repeat what yous have already written.
You can write longhand or y'all tin can type on a computer. If you are unable to write, you tin can also talk into a tape recorder.
Y'all can write about the same thing on all iii-four days of writing or you tin write nigh something dissimilar each day. It is entirely up to you lot.
What to Write Most
Something that you are thinking or worrying about too much
Something that you are dreaming almost
Something that you experience is affecting your life in an unhealthy way
Something that you have been avoiding for days, weeks, or years
In our inquiry, we by and large give people the following instructions for writing: Many people have not had a single traumatic experience simply all of united states accept had major conflicts or stressors in our lives and you can write near them every bit well. Y'all tin write nearly the same outcome every day or a serial of different issues. Whatever you choose to write about, however, it is critical that you really permit go and explore your very deepest emotions and thoughts
Over the adjacent four days, I desire you to write about your deepest emotions and thoughts about the near upsetting experience in your life. Really let go and explore your feelings and thoughts about information technology. In your writing, you might necktie this experience to your childhood, your human relationship with your parents, people you have loved or love now, or fifty-fifty your career. How is this experience related to who y'all would like to become, who you have been in the by, or who y'all are now?
Warning: Many people report that later on writing, they sometimes feel somewhat sad or depressed. Like seeing a sad movie, this typically goes away in a couple of hours. If you discover that y'all are getting extremely upset about a writing topic, merely stop writing or change topics.
What to do with your Writing Samples
The writing is for you lot and for you lot only. Their purpose is for you lot to be completely honest with yourself. When writing, secretly program to throw away your writing when yous are finished. Whether you keep it or salve it is really up to you lot.
Some people continue their samples and edit them. That is, they gradually change their writing from solar day to day. Others simply keep them and render to them over and over once again to run across how they have inverse.
Here are some other options:
Burn them. Erase them. Shred them. Flush them. Tear them into trivial pieces and toss them into the ocean or let the air current take them abroad. Eat them (not recommended).
Some References for Writing, Journaling, or Diaries
A video of the original writing method can be seen by clicking here.
There are some outstanding books by people who have an intuitive and practical arroyo to writing. Each author approaches journaling or diary writing in very dissimilar ways. Check the diverse books out and meet what works all-time for you.
Adams, Kathleen (1998). The Manner of the Journal : A Journal Therapy Workbook for Healing. Sidron Press.
Baldwin, Christina (1992). One to One : Self-Understanding Through Journal Writing. Evans Publisher
DeSalvo, Louise A. (2000). Writing Equally a Manner of Healing : How Telling Our Stories Transforms Our Lives. Buoy Press.
Fob, John (1997). Poetic Medicine : The Healing Fine art of Poem-Making. Tarcher Press
Goldberg, Natalie and Guest, Judith (1986). Writing Down the Bones : Freeing the Author Within. Shambhala Press.
Jacobs, Beth (2005). Writing for Emotional Balance, New Harbinger Publishers.
Pennebaker, James W. (1997). Opening Up: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotion. NY: Guilford Press.
Pennebaker, J.W. & Smyth, J.M. (2016). Opening Upward past Writing information technology Down. NY: Guilford Press.
Pennebaker, J.W. & Evans, J.F. (2014). Expressive Writing: Words that Heal. Enumclaw, WA: Idyll Arbor.
Pennebaker, J.W. (2004). Writing to Heal: A Guided Periodical for Recovering from Trauma and Emotional Upheaval. Denver, CO: Middle for Periodical Therapy.
Rainer, Tristine (1979). The New Diary : How to Use a Journal for Cocky-Guidance and Expanded Inventiveness. Tarcher
Explorations into Linguistic communication
The Earth of Words
The words nosotros apply reflect who nosotros are. Word choice can serve as a key to people'southward personality and social situations. Since the mid-1990s, my students, colleagues, and I accept been exploring the psychology of give-and-take employ. Earlier reading further, you might want to try i or more brief demonstrations that will give you an appreciation of language use, measurement, and personality.
Demonstration 1: The bones text analysis using the LIWC computer program. This asks you lot to reply to a traditional TAT movie. The feedback is fairly broad.
Demonstration 2: Using a new method that nosotros call the pregnant extraction method, we are able to become LIWC to analyze people's personality along a completely new set of dimensions.
Demonstration 3: Using the meaning extraction strategy, the computer can give you lot feedback near the ways you see the world depending on how you describe something as simple equally a bottle.
Demonstration 4: Applying both LIWC and the meaning extraction method, we have developed an interesting style to analyze people'due south Twitter feeds. If you take a twitter handle, merely enter one and yous go feedback nearly that particular person. If you don't accept one, effort BarackObama for a sit-in.
What words should nosotros pay attention to?
Very broadly, there are two types of words: content and mode. Content words include nouns, regular verbs, and most adjectives and adverbs. Style words include pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and auxiliary verbs. The content words tell u.s. what a person is saying; style words convey how they are saying information technology.
Style words, so, tin can be powerful indicators of people's psychological states. They crave a certain social skill to both utilise and interpret. In a conversation, if i person refers to "her table", both people must think who the "her" is. Similarly, the difference between "a tabular array" and "the table" conveys a subtle difference in the relationship between the speaker and the tabular array in question.
What tin the analysis of words tell us about people?
For starters, style-related words can signal bones social and demographic categories, such equally:
- Sex. In full general, women tend to use more pronouns and references to other people; men are more likely to employ manufactures, prepositions, and big words.
- Age. As people become older, they tend to refer to themselves less, use more positive emotion and fewer negative emotion words. Older people also apply more future tense and fewer past tense verbs.
- Social class. The college the social class, the less probable one uses 1st person singular pronouns and the less one uses emotion words.
Style-related words tin likewise reveal basic social and personality processes, including:
- Lying vs telling the truth. When people tell the truth, they are more like to use 1st person singular pronouns. They besides utilize more exclusive words like except, but, without, excluding. Words such as this betoken that a person is making a distinction betwixt what they did do and what they didn't practise. Liars accept a trouble with such complex ideas.
- Dominance in a conversation. Analyze the relative use of the word "I" between two speakers in an interaction. Usually, the college status speaker will use fewer "I" words.
- Social bonding after a trauma. In the days and weeks after a cultural upheaval, people become more self-less (less utilise of "I") and more oriented towards others (increased employ of "we").
- Depression and suicide-proneness. Public figures speaking in press conferenecs and published poets in their poesy utilize more 1st person singular when they are depressed or decumbent to suicide.
- Testosterone levels. In 2 case studies, information technology was establish that when people'due south testosterone levels increased rapidly, they dropped in their utilise of references to other people.
- Basic self-reported personality dimensions. Multiple studies are now showing that style-related words practice much amend than hazard at distinguishing people who are loftier or low in the Large Five dimensions of personality: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, conjuration, and conscientiousness.
- Consumer patterns. By knowing people'due south linguistic styles, we are able to predict (at reasonable rates), their music and radio station preference, liking for various consumer goods, car preferences, etc.
- And much, much more.
What is the best way to measure words?
LIWC, of course. The reckoner program Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, or LIWC, has been in evolution in our lab since the mid-1990s. LIWC analyzes private text files and computes the pct of words in each text file autumn into each of 70+ linguistic categories.
Some of the categories that are measured include:
- Emotion-related words
- General positive emotions
- Optimism
- General negative emotions
- Sadness
- Anger
- Anxiety
- Cognitive process words
- Causation
- Cocky-reflection (realize, empathize)
- Inhibition
- Self-discrepancies (would, should, could)
- Social processes
- Concrete bug
- Body
- Sex
- Eating
- Current concerns
- Work and school
- Metaphysical problems (religion, death)
- Home and leisure activities
- Linguistic fashion markers
- Pronouns
- Prepositions
- Articles
Is LIWC available for the general public?
Yep. You lot can either purchase information technology online (world wide web.liwc.net) or I would exist happy to analyze your text files for free. All I enquire in return is the right to keep a copy of your files to add to my growing text annal of over 500,000 files. Indeed, if you would like to clarify some of the archived text as part of another project, contact me.
To learn more about LIWC, y'all tin read a detailed description online or download the manual which is in pdf format. Likewise, experience free to scan and/or download several of our recent papers on linguistic communication apply past clicking on one of the buttons below:
Cheque out the LIWC site online
Download the LIWC manual
For those who would like a very good overview of LIWC and the meaning of words, cheque out:
Tausczik, Y., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text assay methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, in press.
Helpful Questionnaires
The following questionnaires are bachelor for research use. Feel free to download and use them as needed. (*indicates an adobe acrobat pdf file).
*The Pennebaker Inventory of Limbic Languidness (the PILL). From Pennebaker, J.Due west. (1982). The psychology of concrete symptoms. New York: Springer-Verlag. This is a 54-detail scale taps the frequency of occurrence of a grouping of common physical symptoms and sensations. Cronbach alphas range from .88 to .91; 2-month examination-retest reliability range from .79 to .83. The PILL tin exist scored by summing up the full number of items on which individuals score C, D, or East (every month or and then or higher). With this strategy, the mean score is 17.9 (SD=4.5) based on a sample of 939 higher students. You can also simply sum upwardly the 54 items resulting in a mean score of 112.7 (SD=24.7).
*************Accept the PILL online. Once you lot complete the questionnaire, you volition get feedback almost your score relative to others.***************
*The College Adjustment Test (CAT). From Pennebaker, J.W., Colder, Yard., & Precipitous, Fifty.Grand. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Periodical of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537. This nineteen-particular survey taps the degree to which students have experienced a variety of thoughts and feelings about being in higher. Cronbach alpha = .79; ii-mo examination-retest = .65. 3 stable factors have emerged that tap full general negative affect, positive affect or optimism, and dwelling sickness. You accept my permission to use this questionnaire in any manner you like.
*The SMU Health Questionnaire (SMUHQ). From Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J.Westward. (1989). Wellness complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the cardinal office of Negative Affectivity. Psychological Review, 96, 234-254. This 63-detail symptom and illness questionnaire measures whether individuals take either been diagnosed or treated for a multifariousness of health issues. The wellness items can be viewed separately or every bit a composite index. On a sample of 437 SMU undergraduates (see Watson & Pennebaker, 1989), the coefficient alpha for the full 63-detail version of the SMU-HQ was .75. The coefficient alpha for the cistron-analytically derived 13 detail SMU-HQ Symptom calibration (described in Watson & Pennebaker, 1989) was .72.
*College Activities and Behavior Questionnaire (CABQ). From Pennebaker, J.West., Colder, M., & Abrupt, L.K. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Periodical of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537. This questionnaire is a general inventory of objective behaviors and activities commonly performed by students. Most behaviors reflect social activity and wellness-related behaviors. You accept my permission to use this questionnaire in whatever way y'all like.
*The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). From Pennebaker, J.W. & Susman, J.R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and psychosomatic processes. Social Science and Medicine, 26, 327-332. A brief survey of 6 early traumatic experiences (decease, divorce, violence, sexual abuse, illness, or other) and ratings of the caste to which individuals confided the traumas. There is no psychometric information available for this questionnaire. The items are face up valid. In that location is no scoring key for this questionnaire. You can score it whatever mode that you like. Feel free to alter the items in any way you adopt. Go alee and translate it into any language. You practice not demand my permission to apply this. You accept my permission to utilize this questionnaire in any manner you similar.
*Questionnaires from a typical writing study. From Pennebaker, J.Due west., Colder, M., & Abrupt, 50.Grand. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537. This file includes a group of questionnaires and other materials used in the Pennebaker et al (1990) experiment. Many of these items accept been used in a variety of writing studies by our lab and the labs of others.
Recent Books
Source: https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/psychology/faculty/pennebak
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